Figure 1. Zero-time biopsy of the renal graft. Renal tissue is visualized without significant vascular, tubular, and glomerular alterations. All photomicrographs are in 40x. Figure 2. Doppler ultrasound. Figure 3. Micrographs of graft nephrectomy 40x.
In all sections, fibrin thrombi adhered to the endothelium of the glomeruli a and c and the arteriolar walls b can be observed. C4d d was negative. Figure 4. Results of two platelet aggregometry tests: patient blue line and control black line.
At lower concentrations of ADE, the pattern of aggregation is similar to that of the control 0. References N. Bakir, W. Sluiter, R. Ploeg, W. Van Son, and A. Ojo, J. Hanson, R. Wolfe et al. Adler, J. Markmann, and H. Ponticelli, M. Moia, and G. Ketteler, K. Schwamborn et al. Holiday, E. Mammen, and J. View at: Google Scholar G. Ruiz-Delgado, Y. Cantero-Fortiz, M. Mendez-Huerta et al. Kubisz, J. Stasko, and P. Andersen, Report: bleeding and thrombosis in women.
Biomed Progress, 40, Bick and D. Klamroth, F. Seibt, and H. View at: Google Scholar J. Sokol, M. Skerenova, Z. Jedinakova et al. The reason for this overlap is unclear. This autoimmune reaction results in platelets sticking together. Clumping of platelets causes the build-up of clots. It is not clear what triggers the production of antiphospholipid antibodies.
It is thought that about two in every healthy people have mild but detectable levels of antiphospholipid antibodies following illnesses such as hepatitis or malaria. Some drugs such as cocaine, quinine and antibiotics can also cause the blood to make antiphospholipid antibodies. Hughes syndrome has been identified as a major cause of recurrent miscarriage. The blood of a woman with Hughes syndrome may be too sticky to pass through the tiny blood vessels of the placenta.
Complications can include:. This is a rare but extremely life-threatening complication of Hughes syndrome. Typically, a healthy patient with Hughes syndrome suddenly develops multiple clots in various vital organs, including the brain, heart, lungs or liver. The reason for this is unclear. However, studies show that a percentage of patients have had a recent viral or bacterial infection, which leads some medical researchers to believe that infection may be a trigger.
There is no cure for Hughes syndrome. Treatment aims to ease symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.
Options include:. Ongoing medical treatment allows most people with Hughes syndrome to live long and healthy lives. However, you may need to take medications for long periods of time, perhaps for the rest of your life. Some people are troubled by complications, despite the best of care. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:. Most cases of Addison's disease are caused by an autoimmune response that attacks and damages the adrenal glands over time.
A person with amyloidosis produces aggregates of insoluble protein that cannot be eliminated from the body. When a person is anaemic, the red blood cells have to work harder to get oxygen around the body. When the platelet count is less than 50,, bleeding is likely to be more serious if you're cut or bruised. Some people make too many platelets. They can have platelet counts from , to more than 1 million.
These are health conditions linked to abnormal platelets or abnormal platelet counts:. In this condition, your bone marrow makes too few platelets. Or your platelets are destroyed. If your platelet count gets too low, bleeding can occur under the skin as a bruise.
Or it can happen inside the body as internal bleeding. Or it can happen outside the body through a cut that won't stop bleeding or from a nosebleed. Thrombocytopenia can be caused by many conditions.
These include several medicines, cancer, liver disease, pregnancy, infections, and an abnormal immune system. Essential thrombocythemia. In this condition, your bone marrow makes too many platelets. People with this condition may have platelet counts of more than 1 million, which can lead to bleeding. Other symptoms can include blood clots that form and block blood supply to the brain or the heart.
Doctors don't fully know what causes this type of thrombocythemia, but changes in bone marrow cells called mutations can lead to some cases. Secondary thrombocytosis.
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